What are Chromophore, Auxochrome, and Electronic shifts in UV Spectroscopy?

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What are Chromophore? Although the absorption of ultraviolet radiation results from the excitation of electrons from the ground to excited states, the nuclei that the electrons hold together in bonds play an important role in determining which wavelengths of radiation are absorbed. The nuclei determine the strength with which the electrons are bound and thus … Read more

Drug Stability Testing- Objectives, Advantages, and Factors Affecting Drug Stability

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Introduction to Drug Stability Stability studies ensure the maintenance of drug/product quality, safety, and efficacy throughout the shelf life. Stability studies are considered a prerequisite for the acceptance and approval of any pharmaceutical product. Stability testing is a routine procedure performed on drug substances and products. Stability studies are employed at various stages of product … Read more

Calculation of Stomatal Number, Stomatal Index, Vein-Islet Number, Vein Termination Number, and Palisade Ratio

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Stomatal Number, Stomatal Index, Vein-Islet Number, Vein Termination Number, and Palisade Ratio are all used to calculate leaf constants. What is Stomatal Number? It is the average number of stomata per square mm of leaf epidermis. What is Stomatal Index? This is the percentage ratio of the number of stomata to the total number of … Read more

10 Crucial Factors in Formulation of Hard Gelatin Capsule

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Formulation of Hard Gelatin Capsule Hard Gelatin Capsules (HGC) Primary Ingredients in Hard Gelatin Capsule Formulation of Hard Gelatin Capsule required the following primary ingredients- Gelatin Plasticizers Other components Parts of Hard Gelatin Capsule Formulation of Hard Gelatin Capsule Gelatin solution Dipping Spinning Drying Stripping Trimming Joining Polishing Brushing Sorting Printing Size of Hard Gelatin … Read more